'Make Room’: The Hausa film targeting an Oscar

'Make Room’: The Hausa film targeting an Oscar
From Bashir Liman, Jos

‘Make Room’ was shot in Hausa and has Kannywood A-list actors like Yakubu Muhammad, Suji Jos, Sadi Sawaba, Usman Uzee, and Asabe Madaki among others.

The film was on 17-year-old Salma (Asabe Madaki) who was the only child of her parents.

Salma is an advocate of the girl child education, very focused, determined but acted without thinking of the consequences.

Her dreams were shattered when insurgents kidnapped her and she had to go through harrowing experiences that totally changed her life.

Featuring about 3000 day actors, 100 cast and 100 production crew, the film has plots and sub-plots of activities of insurgents in North eastern Nigeria.

The film that was shot in about 50 days at Ijebu-Miango of Bassa Local Government in Plateau State.


The Executive producer of the film, Rogers Ofime said that the film is targeting the Oscars in three categories - Best Short Film, Best Foreign Language Film and Best Actress in a Leading Role as a result of exceptional role the lead character Asabe Madaki played in the film.

Ofime who produced blockbuster films like ‘Oloibiri,’ and some Nigerian soap operas, like ‘Tinsel’ and ‘The Johnson’ said ‘Make Room’ was the most difficult film he has ever produced.

He said, “You never know what you are capable of until you are faced with a situation you know you can’t handle. We had high hopes of making a great movie, we had high hopes of good financial support, I even danced the day we sealed the deal but a week to principal filming, our investors pulled out.

“I was really worried and so scared because we had signed contracts with crew from America, South Africa, Nigeria and other countries.”

The producer who won Best Foreign Film Award, 2016 at San Diego Black Film Festival, said, “Do we back out? No way! We won’t let an investor stop our dreams and vision of creating a project that has the potentials of reaching the world. We decided to move on with our five loaves and two fishes- this really is the miracle that saw us through the project.”

The 44-year-old who started filmmaking in 2001 with South Africa-based Film Company, Sky Sweeper Films added that the location of the film made him learn to never let any man stop him from getting to the finished line.

Madaki said the film made her appreciate the pain of others even though some of the most challenges were playing Salma was behaving as a teenage when she isn’t one and also acting out painful experiences people actually went through.

The Madaki who was the lead character of Kannywood film ‘Sarauniya’ said that her most difficult scenes were the scenes of how she was beaten and raped by the insurgents and when she gave birth in a difficult situation.

“Living in that situation was quite challenging because it was traumatic. The scene of how I was beaten and raped was traumatic and difficult. The scene of how I gave birth also was difficult, because I have never done that in my life.”

Abba Ali Zaki who played the role of Bulus said that Bulus was a young welder man from Maiduguri who had lost his parents and was living on his own before he was kidnapped by the insurgents. The incidence turned his life inside-out.

His best scene was his clash with their commander in the insurgents’ camp when he fought them from taking his wife. “I like the scene because of my bravery considering all the insurgents were afraid of me.”


His hardest scene was fleeing from the insurgents knowing that his flight had led to an order for his head by the commander. “I ran and ran and ran and remember during that scene I was fasting. It was difficult and hard for me,” he said.

Jamila Yahaya Ibrahim, who played the role of Umma - a young girl, who had a brother as her only family said her best scene was when, she was crying when Salma came to her holding the picture of her brother, saying he is young and lonely and doesn’t how to look after himself.

“But my hardest scene was when I helped Salma deliver her baby. It was hard for me, it was something I have never done before.”

Jamila, an upcoming 24-year-old actress, said the movie is talking about peace and how to eschew violence.

She said the location was beautiful and matches with the story and the setting was perfect, but the challenges she had faced while onset was putting herself into character as Umma.

“I was trying to play her role which was difficult and challenging, I understand Hausa but I am not Hausa. I am Gbagyi. There were some lines in Hausa that I wasn’t able to deliver.”

Abubakar Maina, who played the character of Lamido and was kidnapped by the insurgents as a teenager, said his most difficult scene was when he was forced to plant a bomb in the market.

“We spent a whole day taking different shots for both scenes. The scenes were to educate people that some of the insurgents were forced to do some terrible things without their consent,” he said

Dabarun rubuta kirkirarren labari

Dabarun rubuta kirkirarren labari
Bashir Musa Liman
07036925654, gandunmashi@gmail.com

Na yawaita samun sakonnin da ke neman karin bayani a kan yadda za a rubuta kirkirarren labari, hakan ya sanya a wannan makon zan yi cikakken bayani kan dabarun rubuta kirkirarren labari.

Kafin a kai ga rubuta kirkirarren labari, ya zama dole marubuci ya samu jigon labari mai karfi, sannan ya zabi salo mai jan hankali, sannan ya zabi fuskar da zai ba da labarin, wato labarin zai kasance mai fuska daya ne, ko mai fuskoki da dama. Labari mai fuska daya zai kasance marubucin kamar shi ne jarumin littafin, zai kasance kamar labarin a kansa ya faru. Za a rika amfani da ‘ni’ ko ‘na’ ko ‘mini’ da sauransu a labarin. Misali, “Ban san lokacin da numfashina ya dauke ba. ‘Na kalle su’, ‘Ya yi mini kallo wulakanci, ‘Da ni kake magana?’ da sauransu.”
Fuska ta biyu kuma zai kasance marubucin ne yake bayar da labarin wani ko wadansu, wato ana amfani da fuskoki masu yawa.

Ya zama dole idan ana so a rike masu karatu sai marubuci ya nuna gwanintar harshe, zai iya hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da kalmomi masu dadin karantawa, ko ta hanyar amfani da tagwayen kalmomi wadanda ma’anoninsu suka bambanta, sannan ana so ya rika amfani karin magana ko amfani da siffatau kai-tsaye (Personafication) ko siffatau mai-kama (Simile) da sauransu don kara wa labarinsa armashi.
Ya zama dole marubuci ya san ka’idojin rubutu (Orthography), hakan zai sanya a fahimci sakon da yake son isarwa, ba tare an canja ma’anar jimlar da ya gina a labarinsa ba. Ma’ana ta hanyar yin amfani da Alamar Motsin Rai (!) ne, za a gane jimlar da ya gina a labarinsa ta shafi razana, mamaki ko sosuwar rai ne. Ta hanyar alamar Tambaya (?) za a fahimci marubuci tambaya ya yi. Don haka ya zama dole marubuci ya rika amfani da ka’idojin rubutu yayin ginin labarinsa.

Yana da matukar amfani marubuci ya fahimci muhimmancin raba da kuma hada kalmomi, ta haka ne zai fitar da asalin ma’anar kowace jimla da ya gina a labarinsa. Misali: 1 Ya kamata. 2 Ya kama ta. Jimla ta 1 tana nuna abin da ya dace. Jimla ta 2, tana nufin an cafke ta.
Marubuci ya fahimci yawan aron kalmomi daga wani harshe daban kamar Turanci da Faransanci da sauransu za su wahalar da masu karatu, za su sanya labarin ya gundure su, za su kuma sanya su kasa fahimtar hakikanin sakon da yake so ya isar. Ba an ce kada a rika aro kalmomi daga wadansu harsuna ba, a’a, a rika aron kalmomin da harshen Hausa ya hadiye su, ko kuma idan an aro wadanda harshen Hausa bai hadiye su ba, sai a sanya su a baka, ko kuma a yi karin bayani a kan su.

Wadansu abubuwa da za su taimaka wa marubuci wajen rubuta kirkirarren labari sun hada da:
. Waiwaye (Flash Back ko Foreshadowing): Ba a so marubuci ya saki labarinsa sakakaka, wannan zai sanya masu karatu su rika hasashen abin da zai faru a gaba, dalilin haka ne ake so marubuci ya rika wasa da hankalin masu karatu har su kasa hasashen abin da zai faru a gaba, inda za su rika bin labarin sau-da-kafa. Waiwaye zai samu ginshikin kafuwa ne, ta hanyar gina labari bisa sigar yin gaba da kuma dawowa baya, wannan kuwa zai yiwu ne, idan marubucin ya rika boye wadansu batutuwa dangane da labarin.
. doki (Suspence): Ana so marubuci ya gina labarin da zai sa masu karatu su rika doki da alla-alla wajen ci gaba da karanta labarinsa don jin abin da zai faru. Ma’ana, ana so ya sanya labarin a turbar da masu karatu za su ji ba sa son motsawa ko da nan-da-can ne, har sai sun kammala karanta littafin. Hakan kuwa zai samu ne, idan marubuci ya samu jigon labarin (theme) mai gamsarwa, idan marubuci ya samu salo (style) mai dadi da daukar hankali, haka idan zai iya yin waiwaye (flash back) a lokacin da ake bukatar a yi waiwayen, da sauran abubuwa masu jan hankalin masu karatu.
Gina Labari (Story Plot): Wannan ya kunshi gina labari a takaice da fadada labarin da fitar da labari bisa sigar babi zuwa babi da salon labari da jigon labari da kuma waiwaye da sanya doki da sauran batutuwa. Don haka ne ake so marubuci ya yi taka tsan-tsan wajen fitar da jadawali da kuma manhajar labarinsa bisa zubi-da-tsari mai kayatarwa da kuma kyawu. Rashin amfani da abubuwan da na ambata a sama kuwa zai iya bata ginin labarin har ya rusa shi gaba daya.
Misali, marubuci ya ce zai yi rubutu a kan bishiyar da babu ita, to za ka rika tambayar kanka yaya launin bishiyar zai kasance? Ganyayyakinta fa? Dogayen reshe take da shi ko a’a? Yaya ’ya’yanta za su kasance? Suna da zaki ko daci? Bishiyar tana magani? Ko illa take da shi? Yaya girmanta zai kasance? Wadanne kalmomi zai yi amfani da su bayaninta? Wane salo zai yi amfani da shi? da sauransu.

Kada marubuci ya rika kwaikwayon wadansu marubuta, ya samar da nasa salon. Ya zabi yadda labarinsa zai kasance, mai yawa ne ko kuma kadan. Don samun saukin aiki ma zai iya rubuta taba ka lashe ko dandano a kan labarin, wanda zai taimaka a lokacin da yake rubuta labarinsa.
Ana so marubuci ya mayar da hankalinsa wajen duba kura-kurai yayin rubuta kalmomi, idan bai yi hakan ba, sai ya isar da sakon da ba shi yake son isarwa ba. Daga nan ya maimaita karanta littafin a hankali, don gano wadansu kura-kurai.
Wadansu dabarun da za su taimaka wajen rubuta labarin kirkira sun hada da:

. Marubuci ya tabbata ya tsara labarinsa, sannan ya samar da wata matsala da za ta rika jan hankalin mai karatu har zuwa lokacin da zai samar da maslaha dangane da ita. Misali, labari a kan garkuwa da mutane, ko matsalar fashi da makami ko ta kisan kai, sai ya rika jan zaren labarin har ya samar da maslaha dangane da matsalar da ta taso.

. Murubuci ya tabbata bai kauce bin ka’ida a kan labarin da yake bayarwa ba, misali yana ba da labari a kan kisan kai, sai ya yi wani abu da ya saba shari’a ko ka’ida a zahiri, kada ya ce don yana rubuta labarin kirkira, to zai rubuta abin da ya ga dama, idan masu karatu suka lura da haka za su daina karanta littafinsa.

. Lokacin da yake rubata labarin ya tabbata babu wani abu da yake damunsa, sannan ya rika tunanin dacewa ko rashin dacewar duk wata jimlar da zai yi amfani da ita a labarinsa.

. Ya daina daukar lokaci wajen rubuta labari, ma’ana idan ya yi rubutu yau, ba zai sake yi ba, sai bayan wata uku ko hudu, hakan zai sanya ya rasa wadansu abubuwa a cikin labarinsa. Wani lokaci kuma zai iya manta wadansu abubuwa dangane da labarin har ya koma kame-kame.

. Idan har ya fara rubuta kirkirarren labari, to ya tabbata yana rubutu kowace rana ko mako, domin hakan zai taimaka wajen kulla zarurrukan labarinsa.

. Ya tabbata yana da sha’awa a kan labarin da yake rubutawa, hakan zai sanya labarin ya kayatar.

. Ya dauki rubutu a matsayin sha’awa ba wai don neman kudi ba, idan ya yi hakan lokacin da zai samu kudi ta hanyar rubutu ba zai ma sani ba.

. Ya rika bincike sosai kafin ya fara rubuta labari a kan duk jigon da yake so bayar da labari a kai.

. Ya rika amfani da sunayen wadanda suka shafi al’ummar da yake ba da labarin don su, yin hakan zai sa su gane da su ake yi, ba wai da wadansu a wata duniya ba. Zai fi kyau ya dauki wata matsala da ke damun al’umma sai ya yi labarinsa a kan ta, hakan zai fi yi musu tasiri.

. Kada ya rika yawan maimaita kalmomi hakan zai sanya labarin ya gunduri masu karatu, za su rika jin kamar yana ci da karfi ne wajen rubuta labarinsa.

. Zai fi kyau da kuma daukar hankali ya rika rubuta labarinsa daga babi zuwa babi, sannan ya guji yin dogayen sakin layuka, hakan na gajiyar da masu karatu.
. Kada ya samar da matsalar da za ta dauki lokaci ba tare da ya samar da maslaha a kan ta ba. Kada ya tara kalmomi barkatai.
. Ya kamata marubuci ya ba da damar da masu karatu za su rika yawo a cikin labarinsa, sannan ya rika sanya musu tambayoyi, sannan ya rika ba da amsa, hakan zai sa ya rike su har karshen labarinsa.
. Ya rika amfani da sunayen da ba za a sha wahala wajen tuna su ba, zai iya amfani da sunaye masu dadi da kuma kama hankali.
. Kada ya dauki jigogi masu yawa a cikin labarinsa, ma’ana ya dauki jigon kiwon lafiya da siyasa da soyayya da illar son kudi kuma auren dole, hakan zai rikitar da masu karatu, su rasa bangare za su fi mayar da hankali. Idan ya dauki jigogi uku ko biyu, zai samu damar yawo daga wannan jigo zuwa wancan, ba tare da ya gunduri masu karatu ba.
. Ya tabbata ya zabi kalmomin da za su dace da kowane irin jigo ya dauka. Kada ya yi gaggawa wajen rubuta labari, domin hakan zai sanya a samu kura-kurai masu yawa a labarinsa.
A karshe ina fata wannan bayani zai gamsar da duk mai bukatarsa.

Dalilan da marubuta littattafan Hausa suka koma rubuta labaran fina-finai

Ga wadanda suka dade suna bibiyar fina-finan Hausa, sun kwana da sanin irin yadda harkar ta fuskanci matsalar ingantattun labarai. A lokacin ba a rubuta labarin fim (script), sai dai a rika maganganun cikin fim da ka, inda darakta zai rika fada wa jaruman fim din abin da za su ce.

Jarumi Ali Nuhu ya ce, ba wani abu ya sa ake kiransa mai girman ba, face ya ce ba zai yi fim ba tare da an ba shi labarin fim a rubuce ba, ya ce ba ’yan kallo ba ne suka fara kiransa da mai girman kai ba, a’a, wadansu ’yan fim ne bayan ya ce sai an ba shi labari a rubuce. Dalilinsa na cewa hakan kuma shi ne, don a samu labarai masu inganci.

Ya ce ba a dade ba sai ’yan fim suka fara ganin fa’idar a rubuta labari. Wadanda suka kira shi mai girman kai, suka ba shi hakuri domin sun fahimci dalilinsa.

Aminiya ta tattauna da wadansu marubuta kan dalilan da ya sa suka canza akala daga rubuta labaran littattafan Hausa zuwa na fina-finai.

 Jamil Nafseen

Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino

Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, shahararren marubucin littattafan Hausa ne, inda ya rubuta littattafan da suka hada da ‘Inda So da kauna’ da ‘Kowa Da Ranarsa’ ya ce ya fara rubuta labaran fina-finan Hausa ne, bayan masoyansa sun bukaci ya yi hakan.

Ya ce: “Da farko ni marubucin litttattafai ne, bayan jama’a sun karanta litattatafaina sai suka ba ni shawarar in mayar da wadansu fim, akwai wadanda suka ce za su dauki nauyin mayar da su fim ma.  Hakan ya sanya na rubuta labaran fim da suka hada da ‘Inda So da kauna’ da ‘Kowa Da Ranarsa’ da ‘Mukhtar’ da kuma ‘Cinnaka.”

 Ibrahim Birniwa wanda shi ma fitaccen marubuci ne ya ce ya fara sha’awar rubuta labaran fina-finai ne don ya yi wa jama’a hannunka mai sanda, har a samu al’umma tagari.

“Dalilin da ya sanya na koma rubuta labarin fim shi ne, sakamakon wani mataki da fim din ya kai, wanda masu shirya fina-finai suka fara tunanin, ya kamata su rika amfani da ingantattun labarai, wadanda suke cike da tsararrun maganganu wajen shirya fim dinsu. Baya ga haka yanzu idanun mutane suna kan harkar fim.

“To, tun da ana bukatar kwararrun marubuta sai abokina Nazifi Asnanic ya sa in rubuta masa labarin fim din ‘Labarin Zuciya’, wannan ce ta sanya na shiga harkar fim, har ma na kasa ci gaba da rubuta littattafai.” Inji Birniwa.

 Jamil Nafseen ya ce ya fara kwadayin kasancewa marubucin fim tun lokacin da ya fara rubuta litttafi.

Fauziyya D Sulaima

Ya ce: “Harkar rubuta littattafai da fim, danjuma ne da danjummai, duk hanyoyin adabi ne mikakku da marubuci zai isar da sakonsa. Na fara kwadayin kasancewa marubucin fim tun sa’ilin da na fara rubuta littafi, amma ban samu damar haka ba sai daga baya.”

Nafseen wanda ya ce ya rubuta fina-finai 280, wadanda suka hada da ‘Rarrashi’ da ‘Ameera’ da ‘Sawun barawo’ da ‘Jarrabi’ da ‘Shakka’ da ‘Ka So A So Ka’ da ‘Ba Zan Bar Ki ba’ da ‘Ni Dake Mun Dace’ da ‘Halwa’ da sauransu  ya ce a Najeriya ne marubucin littafin Hausa ne za ka same shi mafi kololuwa a rashin samun kudi.

“Sakon murubuci ba zai isa inda yake so ba, sai akwai kudi. Kuma a kasuwa ake tarwatsa kudin marubuta, duk marubucin littafin da ya yunkuro kasala ta farko da take nannade jikinsa ita ce, rashin samun taimako don ya wallafa ayyukansa. To duk yadda ya kai ga son fitar da rubuce-rubucensa don jama’a su karu, sai ya zama babu damar yin hakan.”

Fauziyya Suleiman ta ce sha’awa ce ta sanya ta karkata akalarta daga zuwa rubuta labaran fina-finan Hausa.

 “Sha’awa ce ta sanya na fara rubuta labarin fim. Na jima ina sha’awar ganin yau na rubuta labarin fim, amma sai nake ganin ba zan iya ba. Wata rana Ibrahim Birniwa ya zo taron marubuta, sai ya ce mana ana bukatar marubuta a masana’antar fina-finan Hausa. Kamar da wasa ya fara koya mana yadda ake rubutawa. Da haka na koya, har na zama marubuciyar fina-finan Hausa.” Inji ta.

Ta ce ta rubuta fina-finai 40, a cikinsu akwai ‘Maijego’ da ‘Uwargida’ da ‘Lubna’ da  ‘Zarge’(sabo) da ‘Bagidajiya’ da ‘Alkawari’ da ‘Dare’ da ‘Rumaisa’ da sauransu.

Yanzu abin tambaya a nan shi ne, shin harkar rubuta littattafan Hausa ta mutu ke nan, tun da tuni sauran marubuta irin su Rahma A Majid da Nasir Nid da Bala Anas Babinlata da Nazir Adam Salih da Maje El-Hajeej da Dauda Shafi’u Giwa da sauransu suka koma rubuta labaran fina-finan Hausa?

Bashir Musa Liman

07036925654

Abubuwa 5 da ke samar da mai

Mutane da yawa na amfani da mai a babura da injina da motoci da sauransu, wanda a yanzu komai zai iya tsayawa cik idan har aka ce babu mai, hakan ne ma ya sanya a shekarar bara da Shugaba Jonathan Goodluck ya kara kudin mai al’ummar Najeriya suka rikice, komai ya balgace, inda kuma kasashen Yamma ke fafutikar mamaye kasashen da suke da arzikin mai. Shi mene ne mai? Da yaya ake samunsa kasancewar mutane da yawa suna amfanin da shi ba tare da sanin ko ta yaya aka same shi har aka hake shi ba? Me ya sa ake samun mai a wani wuri ko kasa amma kuma ba a samu wani wuri ko kasa?

A wannan mukalar zan yi gamsasshen bayanin da zai amsa wadannan tambayoyin da na zayyano a sama ga masu karatu har su fahimci yadda abubuwa biyar ke haduwa su samar da mai. Idan aka samu hudu daga cikin biyar din to ba za a kai ga hakar mai ba.

Da farko ina so masu karatu su sani, ana samun mai daga dutse ne, kuma duwatsu a duniya sun kasu kashi uku ne, akwai dutsen igneous (igniyos) da dutsen sedimentary (sedimentari) da kuma dutsen metamorphic (metamofik), ba za a samu mai ba sai a dutsen sedimentary. Ba wai daga an samu dutsen sedimentary za a samu mai ba, a’a sai idan muhallin ya zama sedimentary basin (sedimentari bazin), wato an samu kwayoyin duwatsu da suka zama shimfidu daga dutsen mafari (misali, shale) zuwa dutsen tafki (reservoir rock, misali sandstone) da sauran shimfidun duwatsu. 

Ba lallai ne daga muhalli ya zama sedimentary basin kuma ya samar da mai ba, a’a sai an samu abubuwa biyar a muhallin, wadannan abubuwa biyar sun hada da: (1) Dutsen mafari (Source Rock) misali, ‘shale’ (shel), sai (2) Dutsen Tafki (Reservoir Rock), misali sandstone (sandsiton), sai (3) Zafi (Geothermal heating) yadda za a furta- (Jotamal hitin) da (4) Kaura (Migration) yadda ake furtawa- (Maigireshin), sai kuma (5) Tarko (Trap).

(1) Dutsen mafari (Source rock)

Shi ne dutse na farko da yake zama matakin samuwar mai. Misalin wannan dutse shi ne shale. Idan dutsen shale na kunshe da sinadaran Hydrocarbons (sinadaran da ke kunshe da carbon) ya zama mafarin dutse. Wasu kan tambaya da yaya ake samun shale? Akan samu shale a lokacin da kwayoyin duwatsu da ake kira sediments suka hadu a wuri daya daga karshe kuma sai su dunkule su zama dutsen shale. An fi samun wannan dutsen a muhallin da ake kira Lacustrine (lakostarain) ko Deltaic (deltaik), wato muhallin da ya hada da tafki da korama da kududdufi da teku da sahara da sauransu.

Wannan dutse ya karkasu zuwa kashi uku bisa ga bambancin sinadaran hydrocarbons da suke kunshe a cikinsa. An kuma yi rabe-raben ne bisa ga sinadarin kerogen da sauransu.

1 Dutsen shale kan zama dutsen mafari (source rock) ne a lokacin da kwari ko dabbobi da ke rukunin algal suka makale a wurin da babu iska sosai (anodic), an kuma fi samun irin wadannan duwatsu a karkashin tafki.

2 Na biyu, dutsen shale kan zama mafarin dutse (source rock) idan kwayoyin bakteriya suka ruvar da halittun cikin teku da ake kira planktonic a kuma wurin da babu iska, sukan bayar da iskar gas da kuma mai idan akwai zafi, idan kuma suka shige cikin karkashin kasa.

3       Dutsen shale kan zama mafarin dutse idan kwayoyin bakteriya da na fungi (fungai) suka ruvar da dabbobin tudu kamar su kakan kadangaru (dinosaur) da tsire-tsire a cikin kasa, kuma idan ba su rika samun iska ba. Irin wadanan duwatsu kan samar da kwal da sauransu.

Kafin dutsen shale ya zama dutsen mafari sai idan yana dauke da sinadarin kerogen kashi 0.5 a cikinsa, amma kuma yakan zama dutsen mafari mafi kyau idan yana kunshe da kashi 12 zuwa sama a cikinsa. Misalin dutsen shale a Najeriya shi ne, Fika Shale.

(2) Dutsen tafki (Reservoir rock)

Shi ne dutse na gaba wanda yake zama ma’ajiyar mai bayan ya yi kaura daga dutsen mafari (source rock). Yana kunshe da kofofi da tarko masu yawa da ke hana man yin kaura bayan ya shiga cikinsa. Misalin wannan dutse shi ne, sandstone, a Najeriya akwai Gombe Sandstone.

Wannan hoton na nuna yadda mai yake kaura daga dutse mafari zuwa dutsen tafkin mai.

(3) Zafi (Geothermal Heating)

Akwai wani zafi da ke taimakawa wurin samuwar mai, shi wannan zafin ake kira geothermal heating. Zafin da ke samar da mai ya fara daga 60 zuwa 150 a ma’aunin degree centigrade (digiri sentigiret), ana auna ma’aunin degree centigrade ne bisa ga nisan dutsen a cikin kasa.

Masana binciken kasa sun ce wannan zafin na samuwa ne a karkashin kasa tun lokacin da aka samar da duniya, wanda a yanzu kuma zafin rana da ake kira solar (sola) da kuma ruvewar sinadarai a cikin kasa ke samar da shi. Zafin da aka samu wurin dutse mai aman wuta da girgizar kasa na taimaka wa zafin da ke samar da mai. Masana sun ce zafi a cikin kasa daga kafa 10 zuwa mita 3 yakan kai 12.8 a ma’aunin degree centigrade.

(4) Kaura (Migration)

Kaurar mai na taka muhimmiyar rawa wurin samuwar mai har a kai ga hakarsa. Akwai hanyoyi da yanayi da suke sanya mai ya yi kaura. Akwai kaura ta farko da kuma ta biyu. Ta farko ita ake kira primary (firamari maigireshin) migration, ta biyu kuma ita ce secondary migration (sakandare maigireshin). Kaura ta farko takan faru daga dutsen mafari zuwa wani dutsen mafari, kaurar mai ta biyu kuma takan faru daga dutsen mafari zuwa dutsen tafkin mai. Masana sun ce samuwar kwayoyin da suke ba da shimfidu (layers) ta hanyar  bisnewa na haifar da kaurar mai, samuwar bisnewar ake kira burial (buriyal).

Misalin tarko, a tsakiya mai ne a taskance

Zayyanar shimfidun duwatsu da ke samar da mai. A kasa dutsen mafari ne, sai ruwa da mai a cikin dutsen tafki, a saman dutsen tafki kuma tarko ne (dutsen Rock seal) 

Ga yadda kaurar mai ke faruwa daga mashimfidar dutsen mafari (source rock) zuwa dutsen mafari ko zuwan dutsen tafki (Reservoir rock):

Idan zafi ya rika karuwa zai sanya sinadaran hydrocarbons su rika motsawa. Kamar yadda ruwa yake motsawa idan aka dora shi a wuta sakamakon zafi. Inda kuma masana suka ce hakan na faruwa a sakamakon bisnewa da ake yi kwayoyin da suka samar da shimfidun duwatsu walau na mafari ko na tafki.

Idan zafi ya karu sai sinadaran hydrocarbons su narke, inda wasu kuma sukan zama kamar gas. Hakan sai ya sanya su mamaye dutsen. Misali, za a tuna yadda idan aka dora tukunya a wuta aka kuma sanya danwake a ciki lokacin da ya tafasa yakan cika har ya fi karfin tukunyar har sai an rika fifitawa. To kamar haka ne yake faruwa ga sinadaran hydrocarbons.

Idan za a iya tunawa mun ce dutsen mafari (source rock) na dauke da kofofi (Pores), to ta cikin wadannan kofofin ne sinadaran hydrocarbons wadanda suka narke suke yin kaura zuwa ko dutsen mafari ko kuma dutsen tafkin mai. Yawan samuwar kofofi ake kira High Porosity (hai forositi) hakan kan kawo mai mai yawa ya yi kaura cikin kankanen lokaci. 

Baker (1980) wani masani kan mai, ya ce ruwa na taimakawa wurin samar da kaurar mai, kasancewar a kowane lokaci idan aka hada ruwa da mai; mai na kasancewa a saman ruwa, kuma idan ruwa ya rika motsawa mai ma zai rika motsawa. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa kowa yana tabbacin akwai ruwa a cikin kasa wanda ake kira (underground water), wanda kuma shi ya sa ake samun ruwa idan an tona rijiya. To ruwan da yake cikin kasa ne a lokacin da yake motsawa sai ya rika motsa mai har ya sanya ya yi kaura.

Wasu masana sun ce ruwa ba ya taka rawa wurin samar da kaurar mai, suka ce a lokacin da zafi ya narkar da sinadaran hydrocarbons, akwai sinadaran da suke fara narkewa inda kuma kasancewar sinadarin kerogen ne ke samar da mai, to sai wadannan sinadaran da suka narke su rika tafiya da sinadarin kerogen, wadannan sinadarai kuwa kan yi kaura ta kofofin da ke jikin dutsen mafari. Masanan da suke yarda da hakan akwai Tissot da Welte, 1978 da Hunt, 1979 da kuma McAuliffe 1979.

Wadansu masana kuma sun ce idan zafi ya turara sinadaran hydrocarbons sai su fara karo da juna hakan ne kuma zai sanya su rika yin kaura ta kofofin da ke jikin dutsen mafari, masana da dama sun amince da wannan hanyar sai dai Dickey 1975 da Magara 1980 ba su yarda da wannan hanyar ba.

Amma dai koma wace hanya ce duka masanan sun yarda idan har babu kaura to kuwa ba za iya hakar mai ba, sun kuma yarda zafin ne yake sanya mai ya yi kaura.

(5) Tarko

Jama’a da dama kan yi mamaki shin me ya sa ba a samun man fetur a kowane wuri, ba ya ga haka kuma tun da mai kamar ruwa ne me ya sa ba ya tafiya daga wannan gari zuwa wancan? Ko kuma me ya sa ya tsaya a wurin daya kawai? Amsar dukkan wadannan tambayoyi ya ta’allaka a kan abu daya wato samuwar tarko. Tarko ne ke taimakawa wurin taskance mai a wuri daya ba tare da ya motsa zuwa wani wuri ba. Akan samun tarko ne ta hanyar girgizar kasa da tsunami, an samu tarko lokacin samuwar duwatsu da ake kira orogeny, sannan an samu tarko lokacin da aka samar da duniya kamar yadda masana suka ce. Su wadannan tarko su ake kira faults da folds da kuma dutsen cap rock (kaf rok). Sakamakon abubuwan da na lissafo a sama sai a samu mafarin dutse ko tabkin dutse ya lankwashe wato ya rika hawa da sauka har ya bayar da surar folds, ko ya karye ko kuma ya rubza. Karyewar ko rubzawar dutse ko shimfidar dutse ake kira faults, lankwashewar dutse kuma ake kira folds. Wani lokaci a kan samu tarko idan dutsen cap rock ya kasance a saman shimfidar ko dutsen tafki. Dutsen cap rock kan hana fitar mai bayan ya shiga shimfidar ko dutsen tafkin mai. Wannan dutse baki ne, suwal-wal kuma ba shi kofofi a jikinsa.

Samuwar mai

A nan zan yi bayanin yadda wadannan abubuwa biyar da na lissafa suke haduwa su samar da mai. A lokacin da dutsen mafari ke shigewa cikin kasa sakamakon samuwar sabbabin kwayoyin duwatsu (sediments) a samansu, yanayi kan canza, wanda a lokacin da suke waje akwai iska, amma a lokacin da suke kara shiga ciki babu iska, sannan yanayin yakan kara zafi, wannan zafin da kuma rashin iska sai ya sanya sinadarin Kerogen da ke cikin dutsen mafari ya fara dagwargwajewa. Wannan dagwargwajewar ake kira cracking (kirakin). 

Masu magana sukan ce idan gyada ta sha matsa sai ta yi mai, don haka a lokacin da aka kara samu wadansu duwatsu a saman dutsen mafari (source rock) sai nauyi ya sanya sinadarin Kerogin ya fara fitar da mai, musamman ma idan akwai isasshen zafi.

Wani abu da nake so mai karatu ya fahimta shi ne, akwai kofofi a jikin dutsen mafari, inda kuma sai mai ya rika ya rika naso walau zuwa wani dutsen mafari ko kuma dutsen tafki. Wannan nason da yake yi shi ake kira kaura (migration). Bayan ya yi kaura ne sai ya shiga dutsen tabki, wanda kuma da ma yana dauke da tarko, wannan tarkon ne zai taskance man. Daga nan sai a gudanar da bincike bayan an tabbatar da samuwar mai sai a hako shi.

A shekarun baya an yi ta samun jan-kafa wurin aikin hakar mai da ke yankin Tafkin Chadi, inda wadansu suka yi hasashen babu mai a yankin. Hakan ya sanya zan yi bayani kan samuwar mai ko akasin hakan a yanki Tafkin Chadi (Chad Basin) da ke Jihar Barno, zan yi bayanin ne bisa ga abubuwa biyar da na lissafo a sama. 

Dutsen mafari

Tafkin Chadi na kunshe da dutsen mafari da ake Gongila ko Fika Shale. Shimfida ko dutsen Gongila na dauke da sinadarin hydrocarbons kashi 1.5 a cikinsa, inda kuma  dutsen ko shimfidar Fika Shale ke dauke da sinadaran hydrocarbons da ya kai kashi 0.9 a cikinsa.  Masana sun ce idan har shimfida ko dutse mafari ya samu kashi 0.5 na sanadarin Hydrocarbon to zai iya zama dutsen mafari.

Dutsen Tafki

A bisa ga bayanin da masana suka yi sun bayyana dutse ko shimfidar dutsen Gombe Sandstone da Keri-Keri na da inganci ko nagartar da za su zama dutsen tafki.  Wadannan shimfidun duwatsu suna dauke da kofofi da kuma tarko da za su iya taskance mai.

Zafi

Sakamakon bincike da aka gudanar an gano dutsen mafari yana da nisan mita 300 a karkashin kasa, sannan akwai zafin da ya kama daga 60 zuwa 120 a ma’aunin digiri centigrade (Degree Centigrade), idan ba za manta ba na ce zafi daga 60 zuwa 150 ne ke iya sanya sinadaran hydrocarbons su fara narkewa. Idan kuwa haka ne tafkin Chadi ya cika sharadin zafin da zai iya narkar da wadannan sinadarai.

Kaura

Bincike ya bayyana akwai kofofi (pore spaces) a jikin dutsen mafari na Fika Shale, don haka bisa ga tabbatacin akwai isasshen zafin da zai iya narkar da sinadaran hydrocarbon, to kuwa akwai kofofin da wadannan sinadarai za su iya kaura. Baya ga haka a jikin dutsen tafkin mai Gombe Sandstone da kuma Kerri-Kerri akwai hanyoyin da man zai iya shiga.

Tarko

Alkaluman bayanai kan samuwar duniya sun bayyana an samu tarko a Tafkin Chadi cikin shekarar Jurassic da kuma Santonian. Santonian da Jurassic wadansu shekaru ne da suka taka rawa wurin samuwar nahiyoyin duniya. Wadannan shekaru suna cike da ayyukan samuwar duwatsu da zaizaiya da lankwashewa da kuma karyewar shimfidar duwatsu, wannan ayyukan ake kira tectonic activities (tektonik aktibitis). Wadannan ayyukan ne suka samar da tarko a tafkin Chadi.

Wannan ita ta kawo karshen takaddamar walau akwai mai a Tafkin Chadi ko babu. Ina ba mai karatu tabbacin akwai mai a Tafkin Chadi sai dai kawai a hako shi.

Bashir Musa Liman

   diddigi@yahoo.com, ko bmliman@dailytrust.com ko gandunmashi@gmail.com

07036925654

Rayuwar Duniya A Yau

 

Godiya ga Jallah Sarki Daya,

Ya halicci talaka da mai dukiya,

Da shugabanni har da mabiya,

Don su yi masa bauta a duniya.

Salati dubu ga Annabin gaskiya,

Wanda ya zo da addinin shiriya,

Ga hakuri, hangen nesa da juriya,

Wanda ya yi kira a guje wa karya.

Idan na kalli wannan duniya,

Cike da kayan kawa da kwalliya,

Lu'u-lu'u murjani har da zinariya,

Sai hawaye ya kwarara a idaniya.

Tana dauke da jaba da macijiya,

Mutum, kaska, zomo da hasbiya,

Ruwa, kasa, iska da samaniya,

Ana mata ruwa har da walkiya.

Ku kalli cikin rayuwar duniya,

Cike da kazanta da wankiya,

Ga yaudara da makarkashiya,

Ana ta tafiya an take gaskiya.

Yau ido rufe ake neman duniya,

Ga lahira kuwa an juya baya,

Wasu sun ce da kunyar duniya,

Gara ta lahira, jama'a kun jiya?

Cin amana da rashin gaskiya,

Zalunci, zamba babu tankiya,

Karya alkawari da kuma karya,

Ana ci gaba da aikatasu bai daya.

 

Ga yara kara zube babu tarbiyya,

Idan ka aike su, gunani ko su kiya,

Amma kuma suna so su sha miya,

Su rika tauna nama suna dariya.

Wasu wajen neman tara dukiya,

Sun sadaukar da jiki ko jaririya,

Saboda tsabar bin son zuciya,

Su da shaidan na hira waje daya.

Malamai ana ta neman mabiya,

Sun himmatu ga larabcin karya,

Ko yin fassarar karya ga mabiya,

Su tuna a kabari za su yi kwanciya.

Tubali na toka ba ya gina gaskiya,

Ruwa da wuta babu a waje daya,

Za a ji zafi fa idan an taka kaya,

Ga yara har su yi kuka da idaniya.

Mata na neman mallake zuciya,

Ta mijinsu, sun sake gaskiya,

Sun kuma kama boka shi daya,

A ganinsu bukatarsu tuni ta biya.

Yawan kudinka, yawan sharholiya,

Wai a kashe ahu a nan duniya,

A sha taba, wiwi, koken da giya,

Ga kuma karuwanci don dukiya.

Tabbas masa ta fi kashin saniya,

Ko da girgiza kurna ta fi magarya,

Duba ka ga wannan kukan kurciya,

Amma mai hankali zai ga gaskiya.

Jama'a sun raba goron kiyayya,

Ga juna babu ko ga macijiya,

Sai yawan sara da cin dunduniya,

Da haka an ya za a gama lafiya?

An jefar da jarirai a kan hanya,

Ko tsoron Allah babu cikin zuciya,

An zubar da cikin jariri da jaririya,

An manta da ranar da ake sakayya.

Da mota ake wa shugabanni jiniya,

Talauci ya yi wa jama'arsu mamaya,

Yawon bude ido a Jamus da Bulgeriya,

Amurka, Suwazilan da kuma Saudiyya.

Arkomai mudu sun tauyaya,

Suna algus a cikin cinikayya,

Burinsu a ce sun tara dukiya,

Ranar Sakayya sun yi mantayya.

Maigida yana ta fifita amarya,

Ya bar uwargida a karshen baya,

Ga amarya atamfa dandasheshiya,

Ga uwargida fa atamfa alawayya.

'Yan mata sun ce sai mai dukiya,

Samari kuwa sai tarin karya,

Sai a yi aure, babu zaman lafiya,

A karshe auren sai dai a karya.

Mata ba so a yi musu kishiya,

Idan an yi musu sai kiyayya,

Sun ce da ita babbar makiyiya,

Ba ruwansu da taimakekeniya.

Kyal-kyal banza ce fa duniya

A tsakiyar ka take da ido daya,

Ba ta da goshi ko kuma keya

Amma fa gwana ce kan tsiya.

Gubarta tabbas ta fi ta macijiya,

Zakinta ya fi na 'ya'yan itaciya,

Na da launika kamar hawainiya,

Ta kasance babbar shaidaniya.

Ana ta rayuwa irin ta jahiliyya,

Mata tsirara babu wata kariya,

Suna yawon abinsu bisa hanya,

Ki yi haka kin zama wayayyiya.

Mu dawo da hankali wuri daya,

Mu san fa ita rayuwar duniya,

Tana da farko da karsheniya,

Mu dage mu mutu cikin shiriya.

An halicce mu bauta wa sarki daya,

Don haka mu guji rudin shaidaniya,

Wanda dacinta ya fi iccen madaciya,

A karshe za ta rika yi mana dariya.

 

Kowa zai tafi lahira shi daya,

Ya yi zaman kabari shi daya,

Ya amsa tambayoyi shi daya,

Idan ya tsallake sai ya yi dariya.

Azabar cikin kabari da wuya,

Mu dage mu yi aiki da gaskiya,

Bashiru ne ke fada mana gaskiya,

Don kauce wa yin da-na-saniyya.

Ubangiji dora mu a hanyar gaskiya,

Ka ba mu damar kauce wa karya,

Wacce ke sa a sha matukar wuya,

Har a rika kuka mai cike da magiya.

Mu bauta wa Allah Shi daya,

Da koyarwar Annabin gaskiya,

Lahira za ta yi zaki kamar miya,

Mu kuma rika wasa har da dariya.

 

Tammat Bashiru nan zai diga aya,

Kan wakar mamugunciya duniya,

Mai tafiya tare da son zuciya

A bi duniya a samu bacin zuciya.